North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market to 2027 - Regional Analysis and Forecasts by Robot Type (Mobile Robot, and Fixed Robot), Technology (2D Vision Guided, and 3D Vision Guided), Application (Arc Welding, Assembly, Cutting, Palletizing & Machine Tending, Navigation, Random Bin Picking, Collaborative Robots, and Others), and Vertical (Automotive, Electrical & Electronics, Aerospace, Healthcare, Transportation & Logistics, Food & Beverages, and Others)

Name: North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market
SKU: Technology, Media and Telecommunications
Rating: 4.9 (9 reviews)

Publication Month: Feb 2019 | Report Code: TIPRE00003331 | No. of Pages: 196 | Category: Technology, Media and Telecommunications | Status: Published

Vision Guided Robotics Software market in North America is expected to grow from US$ 230.81 Mn in 2018 to US$ 741.85 Mn by the year 2027. This represents a CAGR of 14.05% from the year 2019 to 2027.

Growing acceptance of vision guided robots is fueling dramatic changes to automate the work across various industries. The vision-guided robotics software market is experiencing significant demand across several applications such as arc welding, cutting, assembly, navigation, palletizing and machine tending, random bin picking, collaborative robots, and others. The growing demand to automate the work across various industries are continually rising in developed as well as developing regions. With the advancement in robust robotic technology, the customization of products for specific applications to enhance the flexibility of work among enterprises is increasing. The vision-guided robots are easier and much more flexible when putting to work, and from the safety point of view, these machines are highly reliable, which permit the company to increase their productivity and ultimately competitiveness in the market. For instance, Automobile manufacturers are actively focusing on the integration of vision-equipped robotic systems to safeguard the correct placement of vehicle closures such as hoods, windshields, doors and trunk lids. The robots are installed across the production line to pick up and place everything accurately to install car parts from roof panels to windshields as well as load them onto the car body's framework. The vision system made it easy for the system designers to deploy car accurately and precisely.

The vision-guided robotics software developer uses to develop their codes on a single platform. However, a behavioral shift by the developer towards a different platform for the deployment of these software owing to growing technological advancements and requirements of the consumer is anticipated. For instance, Robot operating system (ROS) is an open source robot software framework which provides numerous debugging and development tools. The ROS comprises of hardware abstraction, mapping, sensing, subordinate device control, detection, message transmission, package management, motion planning functionality, and development environments. Approximately 20 organizations globally are cooperating with the development of a robotic system with the use of ROS. Other than ROS, the developers are also using different platforms for the deployment of software related to robotic systems. Some of the robotic system frameworks are iCub, OROCOS (Open Robot Control Software), OPRoS (Open Platform for Robotic Services), MRSRS (Microsoft Robotics Studio), and many more. Attributing to such advancements in robotic vision technology combined with low-cost power processing capabilities, the future of vision-guided robots and robotic software is anticipated to be promising across the region. In 2018, Energid Technologies announced a strategic partnership with Perceptron a provider of 3D automated metrology solutions and coordinate measuring machines. According to the partnership Perceptron would utilize Energid's Actin software for the development of in-line and near-line robotic inspection systems for the automotive industry.

US is anticipated to lead the adoptions of vision guided robotics software across the North American region through the forecast period. The United States is a major global leader in the industrial automation market. Most of the demand for vision guided robotics software comes from automobile and electronics manufacturing industries. Also, US has highly developed markets with deeply embedded industrial bases with advance robot vision technology. In addition, the manufacturers are expected to significantly accelerate their use of robots in U.S. factories over the next decade as they become cheaper and perform more tasks, subsequently driving the demand for vision guided robotics software. This scope is facilitating the end users to adopt this technology increases, thereby creating a substantial market for the same at present, which is projecting a positive growth on the vision guided robotic software market. The figure given below highlights the revenue share of Mexico in the North American vision guided robotic software market in the forecast period:

Mexico Vision-Guided Robotics Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

Get more information on this report :

NORTH AMERICA VISION-GUIDED ROBOTICS SOFTWARE - MARKET SEGMENTATION

By Robot Type

Mobile Robot
Fixed Robot

By Technology

2D Vision Guided
3D Vision Guided

By Application

Arc Welding
Assembly
Cutting
Palletizing & Machine Tending
Navigation
Random Bin Picking
Collaborative Robots
Others

By Vertical

Automotive
Electrical & Electronics
Aerospace
Healthcare
Transportation & Logistics
Food & Beverages
Others

By Country

U.S.
Canada
Mexico

Companies Mentioned

ABB Ltd.
Fanuc Corporation
Robotic Vision Technologies, Inc.
iRobot Corporation
MVTec Software GmbH
Pick-it N.V.
Recognition Robotics Inc.
Vision Nerf S.A.
Nachi Robotic Systems, Inc.
KUKA Robot Group

PART1.iNTRODUCTION

1.1Scope of the Study

1.2The Insight partners research report guidance

1.3market segmentation

1.3.1North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market – By Robot Type

1.3.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market – By Technology

1.3.3North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market – By Application

1.3.4North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market – By Vertical

1.3.5North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market – By Country

PART 2.key takeaways

PART 3.Research Methodology

3.1.1Coverage

3.1.2Secondary Research

3.1.3Primary Research

PART 4.North America vision guided robotics software market landscape

4.1market overview

4.2Ecosystem Analysis

4.3North America PEST Analysis

PART 5.North america vision guided robotics software market – key industry dynamics

5.1key market drivers

5.1.1Growing acceptance of vision guided robots

5.1.2High potential of mass customization

5.2Key market restraints

5.2.1Lack of Skilled Operator

5.3Key market opportunity

5.3.1Rising technological proficiencies of 3D machine vision

5.4FUTURE TRENDS

5.4.1Intuitive Programming Interfaces

5.5impact analysis of drivers and restraints

PART 6.vision guided robotics software – North America market analysis

6.1North America Vision guided robotics software Market Overview

6.2North America vision guided robotics software market Forecast and Analysis

6.3MARKET POSITIONING/ MARKET SHARE

PART 7.North America vision guide robotics software Market Analysis – By Robot type

7.1Overview

7.2North America Vision Guided Robotics software Market Breakdown, By robot type, 2018 & 2027

7.3Fixed robots

7.3.1Overview

7.3.2North America Vision guided robotics software market Fixed Robot Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

7.4mobile robots

7.4.1Overview

7.4.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Mobile Robot Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

PART 8.North America vision guide robotics software Market Analysis – By technology

8.1Overview

8.2North America Vision Guided Robotics software Market Breakdown, By technology, 2018 & 2027

8.3d vision guided technology

8.3.1Overview

8.3.2North America Vision guided Robotics Software Market, By Technology Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

8.4D vision guided technology

8.4.1Overview

8.4.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By 3D Vision Guided Technology Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

PART 9.North America vision guide robotics software Market Analysis – By application

9.1Overview

9.2North America Vision Guided Robotics software Market Breakdown, By Application, 2018 & 2027

9.3arc welding

9.3.1Overview

9.3.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Arc Welding Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

9.4assembly

9.4.1Overview

9.4.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Assembly Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

9.5cutting

9.5.1Overview

9.5.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Cutting Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

9.6Palletizing and machine tending

9.6.1Overview

9.6.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Palletizing and Machine Tending Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

9.7Navigation

9.7.1Overview

9.7.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Navigation Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

9.8random bin picking

9.8.1Overview

9.8.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Random Bin Picking Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

9.9collaborative robots

9.9.1Overview

9.9.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Collaborative Robots Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

9.10others

9.10.1Overview

9.10.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Others Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

PART 10.North America vision guide robotics software Market Analysis – By vertical

10.1Overview

10.2North AMerica Vision Guided Robotics software Market Breakdown, By vertical, 2018 & 2027

10.3Automotive

10.3.1Overview

10.3.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Automotive Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

10.4electrical & electronics

10.4.1Overview

10.4.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Electrical & Electronics Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

10.5Aerospace

10.5.1Overview

10.5.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Aerospace Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

10.6healthcare

10.6.1Overview

10.6.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Healthcare Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

10.7transportation & logistics

10.7.1Overview

10.7.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Transportation & Logistics Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

10.8food & Beverages

10.8.1Overview

10.8.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Food & Beverages Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

10.9others

10.9.1Overview

10.9.2North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Others Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

PART 11.vision guided robotics software market – country Analysis

11.1North America vision guided robotics software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027

11.1.1North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Breakdown, by Key Countries

11.1.1.1U.S. Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ MN)

11.1.1.1.1U.S Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Breakdown by Robot Type

11.1.1.1.2U.S. Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Breakdown by Technology

11.1.1.1.3U.S. Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Breakdown by Application

11.1.1.1.4U.S. Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Breakdown by Vertical

11.1.1.2Canada Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ MN)

11.1.1.2.1Canada Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Breakdown by Robot Type

11.1.1.2.2Canada Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Breakdown by Technology

11.1.1.2.3Canada Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Breakdown by Application

11.1.1.2.4Canada Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Breakdown by Vertical

11.1.1.3Mexico Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

11.1.1.3.1Mexico Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Breakdown by Robot Type

11.1.1.3.2Mexico Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Breakdown by Technology

11.1.1.3.3Mexico Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Breakdown by Application

11.1.1.3.4Mexico Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Breakdown by Vertical

PART 12.Industry Landscape

12.1Market Initiative

12.2Merger and Acquisition

12.3New Development

PART 13.vision guided robotics software market, KEY company profiles

13.1ABB Ltd.

13.1.1Key Facts

13.1.2Business Description

13.1.3Products and Services

13.1.4Financial Overview

13.1.5SWOT Analysis

13.1.6Key Developments

13.2Fanuc Corporation

13.2.1Key Facts

13.2.2Business Description

13.2.3Products and Services

13.2.4Financial Overview

13.2.5SWOT Analysis

13.2.6Key Developments

13.3Cognex Corporation

13.3.1Key Facts

13.3.2Business Description

13.3.3Products and Services

13.3.4Financial Overview

13.3.5SWOT Analysis

13.3.6Key Developments

13.4Automation Anywhere, Inc.

13.4.1Key Facts

13.4.2Business Description

13.4.3Products and Services

13.4.4Financial Overview

13.4.5SWOT Analysis

13.4.6Key Developments

13.5Vision Guided Robotics, LLC (VGR)

13.5.1Key Facts

13.5.2Business Description

13.5.3Products and Services

13.5.4Financial Overview

13.5.5SWOT Analysis

13.6Robotic Vision Technologies, Inc.

13.6.1Key Facts

13.6.2Business Description

13.6.3Products and Services

13.6.4Financial Overview

13.6.5SWOT Analysis

13.6.6Key Developments

13.7Bluewrist Inc

13.7.1Key Facts

13.7.2Business Description

13.7.3Products and Services

13.7.4Financial Overview

13.7.5SWOT Analysis

13.7.6Key Developments

13.8Energid Technologies Corporation (teradyne, inc.)

13.8.1Key Facts

13.8.2Business Description

13.8.3Products and Services

13.8.4Financial Overview

13.8.5SWOT Analysis

13.8.6Key Developments

13.9iRobot Corporation

13.9.1Key Facts

13.9.2Business Description

13.9.3Products and Services

13.9.4Financial Overview

13.9.5SWOT Analysis

13.9.6Key Developments

13.10ASIMOV Robotics

13.10.1Key Facts

13.10.2Business Description

13.10.3Products and Services

13.10.4Financial Overview

13.10.5SWOT Analysis

13.11Recognition Robotics

13.11.1Key Facts

13.11.2Business Description

13.11.3Products and Services

13.11.4Financial Overview

13.11.5SWOT Analysis

13.11.6Key Developments

13.12Ready Robotics Corporation

13.12.1Key Facts

13.12.2Business Description

13.12.3Products and Services

13.12.4Financial Overview

13.12.5SWOT Analysis

13.12.6Key Developments

13.13Pick-it N.V.

13.13.1Key Facts

13.13.2Business Description

13.13.3Products and Services

13.13.4Financial Overview

13.13.5SWOT Analysis

13.13.6Key Developments

13.14MVTec Software GmbH

13.14.1Key Facts

13.14.2Business Description

13.14.3Products and Services

13.14.4Financial Overview

13.14.5SWOT Analysis

13.14.6Key Developments

13.15Visio Nerf sa

13.15.1Key Facts

13.15.2Business Description

13.15.3Products and Services

13.15.4Financial Overview

13.15.5SWOT Analysis

13.15.6Key Developments

PART 14.Appendix

14.1about the insight partners

14.2glossary

14.3Methodology

14.3.1Coverage

14.3.2Secondary Research

14.3.3Primary Research

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 1.North America vision guided robotics software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

TABLE 2.North America vision guided robotics software Market, by robot type Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

TABLE 3.North America vision guided robotics software Market, by Technology Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

TABLE 4.North America vision guided robotics software Market, by Application Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

TABLE 5.North America vision guided robotics software Market, by vertical Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

TABLE 6.North America vision guided robotics software Market, by Country Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

TABLE 7.U.S. Vision guided robotics software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 – By Robot type (US$ Mn)

TABLE 8.U.S. vision guided robotics software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 – By technology (US$ Mn)

TABLE 9.U.S. Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 – By application (US$ Mn)

TABLE 10.U.S. Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 – By vertical (US$ Mn)

TABLE 11.Canada Vision guided robotics software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 – By robot type (US$ Mn)

TABLE 12.Canada vision guided robotics software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 – By technology (US$ Mn)

TABLE 13.Canada Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 – By application (US$ Mn)

TABLE 14.Canada Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 – By vertical (US$ Mn)

TABLE 15.Mexico vision guided robotics software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 – By robot type (US$ Mn)

TABLE 16.Mexico vision guided robotics software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 – By technology (US$ Mn)

TABLE 17.Mexico vision guided robotics software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 – By application (US$ Mn)

TABLE 18.Mexico vision guided robotics software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 – By vertical (US$ Mn)

TABLE 19.Glossary of terms, Vision Guided Robotics Software market

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1.Vision Guided Robotics Software market segmentation

FIGURE 2.North America vision guided robotics software market segmentation – BY Country

FIGURE 3.North America vision guided robotics software market, market share (%), 2018

FIGURE 4.North America vision guided robotics software MArket, By Revenue (US$ Mn), 2018 & 2027

FIGURE 5.North America vision guided robotics software MArket ecosystem analysis

FIGURE 6.north america – pest analysis

FIGURE 7.North America vision guided robotics software market impact analysis of drivers and restraints

FIGURE 8.North America vision guided robotics software Market Forecast and Analysis, (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 9.North America vision guided robotics software Market Breakdown By robot type, 2018 & 2027 (%)

FIGURE 10.North America Vision guided robotics software market, by fixed robot Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 11.North America Vision guided robotics software market mobile robot Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 12.North America vision guided robotics software Market Breakdown By technology, 2018 & 2027 (%)

FIGURE 13.North America Vision guided robotics software market, By fixed robot Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 14.North America Vision guided robotics software market, By fixed robot Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 15.North America vision guided robotics software Market Breakdown By application, 2018 & 2027 (%)

FIGURE 16.North America Vision guided robotics software market, By arc welding Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 17.North America Vision guided robotics software market, Assembly Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 18.North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By cutting Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 19.North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Palletizing and Machine Tending Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 20.North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Navigation Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 21.North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By random bin picking Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 22.North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By collaborative robots Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 23.North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Others Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 24.North AMerica vision guided robotics software Market Breakdown By vertical, 2018 & 2027 (%)

FIGURE 25.North AMerica Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By automotive Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 26.North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By electrical & Electronics Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 27.North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Aerospace Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 28.North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By healthcare Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 29.North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Transportation & Logistics Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 30.North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Food & beverages Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 31.North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market, By Others Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ Mn)

FIGURE 32.North America vision guided robotics software Market Breakdown by Key Countries, 2018 & 2027(%)

FIGURE 33.U.S. Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ MN)

FIGURE 34.Canada Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ MN)

FIGURE 35.Mexico Vision Guided Robotics Software Market Revenue and Forecasts to 2027 (US$ MN)

The List of Companies - North America Vision Guided Robotics Software Market

1. ABB Ltd.
2. Fanuc Corporation
3. Robotic Vision Technologies, Inc.
4. iRobot Corporation
5. MVTec Software GmbH
6. Pick-it N.V.
7. Recognition Robotics Inc.
8. Vision Nerf S.A.
9. Nachi Robotic Systems, Inc.
10. KUKA Robot Group

Save and reduce time carrying out entry-level research by identifying the growth, size, leading players and segments in the North America Vision Guided Robotics Software market.

Highlights key business priorities in order to assist companies to realign their business strategies.

The key findings and recommendations highlight crucial progressive industry trends in the North America Vision Guided Robotics Software market, thereby allowing players across the value chain to develop effective long-term strategies.

Develop/modify business expansion plans by using substantial growth offering developed and emerging markets.

Scrutinize in-depth North America market trends and outlook coupled with the factors driving the market, as well as those hindering it.

Enhance the decision-making process by understanding the strategies that underpin commercial interest with respect to client products, segmentation, pricing and distribution.

Report Code

TIPRE00003331

Full Name

Phone Number

Country

Company

Job Title

Comment

Your data will never be shared with third parties, however, we may send you information from time to time about our products that may be of interest to you. By submitting your details, you agree to be contacted by us. You may contact us at any time to opt-out.

Pricing

Excel Datapack $2000
Single User License
$3000 $2400
Site license
$4000 $3200
Enterprise License
$5000 $4000

GET SAMPLE PDF
Inquire before Buying Inquire for Discount

Report name	Published Month	Price
Geofencing Software Market Forecast to 2027 - Covid-19 Impact and Global Analysis By Type (Web-based, Mobile Apps); Applications (Marketing Teams, Tourism Industry, Hr, Building Zoning) and Geography	Publication Month: Jan 2021	$4550	GET SAMPLE PDF
Air Cargo Security and Screening Systems Market Forecast to 2027 - Covid-19 Impact and Global Analysis By Size of screening systems (Screening Systems for Small Parcel, Screening Systems for Break and Pallet Cargo, Screening Systems for Oversized Cargo); Technology (X-ray systems, ETD, EDS, Others); Application (Narcotics detection, Explosive detection, Metal and contraband detection, Others) and Geography	Publication Month: Jan 2021	$4550	GET SAMPLE PDF
Mobile Security Software Market Forecast to 2027 - Covid-19 Impact and Global Analysis By Operating System (IOS, Android); Enterprise Solution (Mobile Application Security, Mobile Data Protection, Web Protection, Mobile Device Security, Others); End User (Individual User, Enterprise); Industry Vertical (BFSI, IT and Telecom, Retail and Ecommerce, Healthcare, Manufacturing, Others) and Geography	Publication Month: Jan 2021	$4550	GET SAMPLE PDF
Retail Execution Software Market Forecast to 2027 - Covid-19 Impact and Global Analysis By Enterprise Size (SMEs, Large Enterprise); Application (Retail Operations, Field Service Management, Mobile Forms Automation, Field Sales, Trade Promotion Management, Employee Engagement, Others) and Geography	Publication Month: Jan 2021	$4550	GET SAMPLE PDF
In-store Music Service Market Forecast to 2027 - Covid-19 Impact and Global Analysis By Type (Music Streaming, AV System Equipment); Applications (Retail Stores, Cafes and Restaurants, Leisure and Hospitality, Public Organizations, Others) and Geography	Publication Month: Jan 2021	$4550	GET SAMPLE PDF

+1-646-491-9876 , +91-20-67271632 sales@theinsightpartners.com

Company

Privacy Policy

Follow Us

Related Reports

Request for Sample